By: Michele Nthiga & Gerald J. Odhiambo
On 25th August 2024, students and lecturers from the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) Marine Engineering department were part of an insightful tour aboard the Arctic Tern, an LNG-powered chemical/oil products tanker. The tour, organized by the Kenya Ports Authority (KPA) with the support of the Kenya Maritime Authority (KMA), marked the vessel’s maiden call at the port of Mombasa. This visit provided an in-depth look into the latest advancements in maritime fuel technology and its role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the shipping industry.

Vessel Specifications and Fuel Efficiency

The Arctic Tern is a dual-fuel vessel, equipped with an advanced engine system that allows it to operate on both conventional marine fuels like diesel oil and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). This dual-fuel capability enhances fuel efficiency and reduces environmental impact by minimizing emissions. The vessel houses two LNG storage tanks, each with a capacity of 1,000 cubic meters. These tanks are typically loaded to 83% of their total capacity to ensure safe operations.

The vessel’s daily LNG consumption rate ranges from approximately 20 cubic meters at normal operating conditions, depending on the load, which varies between 15% to 60% of the main engine’s capacity. This level of efficiency allows the vessel to sail for approximately 40 to 45 days at sea when fully fueled with LNG.

Operational Insights

During the tour, it was emphasized that the vessel’s LNG bunkering process is highly controlled and safe. The procedure is fully enclosed, and any leakage is swiftly detected by sensors, which automatically shut down the bunkering process if needed. After bunkering, pipelines are purged with nitrogen, and sensors are rechecked to ensure no methane or gas slips, which occur when methane escapes into the atmosphere. Although methane slip on the Arctic Tern is low, ranging from 1-2%, it is based on system calculations as no direct measurement equipment is currently in use.

Maneuvering the vessel during port operations is done using conventional marine fuels such as diesel oil, as LNG requires a specific engine load of around 10% for efficient handling during frequent starts and stops. LNG is primarily utilized at sea, where its cleaner emissions contribute to reducing the vessel’s overall environmental impact.

Boil-Off Gas (BOG) Management and Environmental Impact

A critical aspect of operating an LNG-powered vessel is the management of boil-off gas (BOG) — the vapor produced as LNG is consumed. On the Arctic Tern, BOG is consumed by the main engine and boiler, though not by the auxiliary engines. Efficient BOG management plays a vital role in maintaining operational performance and minimizing emissions, further emphasizing the environmental benefits of LNG as an alternative fuel.

Recommendations for Capacity Building and Infrastructure Development

The increasing adoption of alternative fuels like LNG provides a unique opportunity for capacity building and infrastructure development, particularly in East Africa. Key areas for growth include:

• Academic and Vocational Training
  Kenya’s academic institutions should develop specialized programs in maritime sustainability, alternative fuels, and LNG technologies. JKUAT and other universities are well-positioned to incorporate these courses. At the same time, vocational training centers can offer certifications in LNG handling and bunkering to prepare a skilled workforce for the evolving industry.
• Stakeholder Engagement and Infrastructure Investment
  For a successful transition to LNG, there is a need for significant investment in infrastructure, such as LNG bunkering stations, storage facilities, and distribution networks. The port of Mombasa can be developed as a strategic hub for LNG-powered vessels. The involvement of the private sector, international partners, and the government will be key to establishing the necessary infrastructure.
• Local Production and Supply Chain Development
  Developing local capacity for LNG production will help ensure a reliable and sustainable supply chain for alternative fuels in the region. Collaborative efforts with international LNG technology providers can drive regional production and supply initiatives, reducing import reliance.
• Policy and Regulatory Frameworks
  KMA has committed to supporting training institutions in creating the necessary policies and frameworks to guide the adoption of alternative fuels. This includes developing safety standards, setting emissions reduction targets, and providing incentives for LNG adoption.

The Arctic Tern tour organized by KPA and supported by KMA highlighted the transformative potential of LNG in maritime transport. As global efforts to decarbonize the shipping industry gain momentum, alternative fuels like LNG will play a vital role in reducing emissions and addressing climate change. This shift presents opportunities for Kenya to build capacity, develop infrastructure, and position itself as a leader in sustainable maritime practices.